Present Perfect Tense

Formula untuk Present Perfect Tense adalah:

Subject + (has/have) + verb3 + object + modifier

Contoh:

1. Farmers in Jati Bali have grown rice crops since 1970. (Petani-petani di Jati Bali telah menanam padi sejak tahun 1970).
2. Some students have conducted research on vegetative plant propagations for two months. (Beberapa siswa telah melakukan penelitian pada perbanyakan tanaman vegetatif selama 2 bulan).
3. Transpiration has started to increase since three hours ago. (Transpirasi telah mulai meningkat sejak tiga jam yang lalu).

Pada dasarnya, penggunaan Present Perfect Tense dapat dikelompokkan dalam 3 kategori, yaitu:

1. Untuk menyatakan bahwa kejadian/aktivitas sudah terjadi/dilakukan pada waktu yang tidak spesifik (unspecified/indefinite time) di masa lampau.

Contoh:

1. John has traveled around the world.  (John telah bertamasya ke seluruh dunia).
2. She has read the entire book. (Dia telah membaca buku itu secara keseluruhan).
3. I have eaten. (Saya telah makan).
4. Someone has stolen my book.  (Seseorang telah mencuri buku saya).
5. They have gone.  (Mereka telah pergi).

2. Untuk menyatakan kekerapan (berapa kali) kejadian/aktivitas terjadi/dilakukan pada waktu yang tidak spesifik (unspecified/indefinite time) di masa lampau.

Contoh:

1. I have seen the Titanic three times. (Saya telah nonton Titanic tiga kali).
2. She has fallen in love ten times. (Dia telah jatuh cinta 10 kali).
3. They have failed the exam twice. (Mereka telah gagal ujian 2 kali).
4. My car has broken down five times. (Mobil saya telah mogok 5 kali minggu ini).
5. Our dean has punished that very rebellious student three times. (Dekan kita telah menghukum mahasiswa yang sangat membangkang itu 3 kali).

3. Untuk menyatakan bahwa kejadian/aktivitas t

erus terjadi/dilakukan mulai dari waktu tertentu di masa lampau sampai sekarang (now).

Contoh:

1. I have lived in this house for nine years. (Saya telah tinggal di rumah ini selama  9 tahun). Artinya, sejak 9 tahun yang lalu sampai sekarang, saya telah tinggal di runah ini.
   
2. We have studied English since a month ago. (Kita telah belajar bahasa Inggris sejak 1 bulan yang lalu). Artinya, sejak sebulan yang lalu hingga sekarang, kita telah belajar bahasa inggris.
   
3. He has married her for nineteen years. (Dia telah mengawininya selama 19 tahun).
4. Mr. Johnson has worked in the same place since 1980. (Pak  Johnson telah bekerja di tempat yang sama sejak tahun 1980).
5. She has waited for her boyfriend for an hour. (Dia telah menunggu pacarnya selama satu jam).

Penggunaan For dan Since

Khusus untuk penggunaan present perfect tense yang ketiga ini, waktu kejadian/aktivitas yang dilakukan oleh subject dinyatakan dengan menggunakan for dan since. For (berarti selama) diikuti oleh durasi atau lamanya waktu kejadian. Misalnya: for thirty years (selama 30 tahun), for ten minutes (selama 10 menit), for a week (selama seminggu), etc. Sedangkan, since (berarti sejak) diikuti oleh kapan kejadian/aktivitas itu dimulai. Misalnya: since 1985 (sejak tahun 1985), since January (sejak bulan Januari), since 2 o’clock (sejak jam 2), etc.

Perhatikan kelima contoh di atas. Jika for diganti dengan since, atau sebaliknya, maka kalimat di atas menjadi:

1. I have lived in this house since 2000. (Saya telah tinggal di rumah ini sejak  tahun 2000).
2. We have studied English for a month. (Kita telah belajar bahasa Inggris selama 1 bulan).
3. He has married her since 1990. (Dia telah mengawininya sejak tahun 1990).
4. Mr. Johnson has worked in the same place for twenty-nine years. (Pak  Johnson telah bekerja di tempat yang sama selama 29 tahun).
5. She has waited for her boyfriend since an hour ago. (Dia telah menunggu pacarnya sejak sejam yang lalu).

Negative Form

Bentuk negatif kalimat dalam Present Perfect Tense dibuat dengan menambahkan not setelah auxilary has/have, seperti yang terlihat dalam formula berikut,

Subject + (has/have) + not + verb3 + object + modifier

Note: (has not) dapat disingkat menjadi hasn’t, sedangkan (have not) dapat disingkat menjadi haven’t.
Contoh:

1. John has not traveled around the world.  (John belum bertamasya ke seluruh dunia).
2. She has not read the entire book. (Dia belum membaca buku itu secara keseluruhan).
3. I have not eaten. (Saya belum makan).
4. Someone has not stolen my book. (Seseorang belum mencuri buku saya).
5. They have not gone.  (Mereka belum pergi).
6. I have not seen the Titanic three times. (Saya belum nonton Titanic tiga kali).
7. She has not fallen in love ten times. (Dia belum jatuh cinta 10 kali).
8. They have not passed the exam two times. (Mereka belum lulus ujian 2 kali).
9. My car has not broken down five times. (Mobil saya belum mogok 5 kali).
10. Our dean has not punished that very rebellious student three times. (Dekan kita belum menghukum mahasiswa yang sangat membangkang itu 3 kali).

Yes/No Questions

Yes/No Questions untuk Present Perfect Tense adalah sebagai berikut:

(Has/have) + subject + verb3+ object + modifier?

Contoh:

1. Has John traveled around the world?  (Apakah John telah bertamasya ke seluruh dunia?).
2. Has she read the entire book? (Apakah dia telah membaca buku itu secara keseluruhan?).
3. Have you eaten? (Apakah kamu telah makan?).
4. Has someone stolen your book?  (Apakah seseorang telah mencuri buku kamu?).
5. Have they gone?  (Apakah mereka telah pergi?).

Penggunaan already dan yet

a. Adverb already digunakan untuk mempertegas pernyatakan bahwa sesuatu telah atau belum terjadi pada waktu yang tidak spesifik (unspecified time) di masa lampau. Already (telah/sudah) digunakan pada kalimat positif, sedangkan yet (belum) digunakan pada kalimat negatif dan kalimat tanya.

Already biasanya diletakkan di antara auxiliary (has/have) dan verb3, tetapi bisa juga diletakkan diakhir kalimat tanpa merubah arti kalimat, seperti terlihat dalam formula berikut:.

Subject + (has/have) + already + verb3 + object + modifier

Atau

Subject + (has/have) + Verb3 + object + modifier + already

Contoh:

1. John has already traveled around the world.  Atau, John has traveled around the world already.
2. She has already read the entire book. Atau, She has read the entire book already.
3. I have already eaten. Atau, I have eaten already.
4. Someone has already stolen my book. Atau, Someone has stolen my book already.
5. They have already gone. Atau, They have gone already. 

b. Adverb yet digunakan pada negative form (kalimat negative) dan interogative form (kalimat tanya), yang biasanya ditempatkan di akhir kalimat, seperti pada formula berikut ini:

Subject + (has/have) +  not + verb3 + object + modifier + yet

Selain itu, yet juga bisa juga ditempatkan di tengah kalimat (yaitu setelah  has/have) dengan formula sebagai berikut:

Subject + (has/have) + yet + (to + Verb1) + object + modifier

Note: verb3 berubah menjadi infinitive (to + verb1). Dan, walaupun tidak ada not, kalimat ini bermakna negatif (maknanya sama dengan jika yet ditempatkan di akhir kalimat).

Contoh:

1. John has not traveled around the world yet. Atau, John has yet to travel around the world.
2. She has not read the entire book yet. Atau, She has yet to read the entire book.
3. I have not eaten yet. Atau, I have yet to eat.
4. Someone has not stolen my book yet. Atau, Someone has yet to steal my book
5. They haven’t gone yet. Atau, They have yet to go. 

Dalam kalimat tanya, yet umumnya ditempatkan diakhir kalimat.

Contoh:

1. Has John traveled around the world yet?
2. Has she read the entire book yet?
3. Have you eaten yet?
4. Has someone found your book yet?
5. Have they gone yet?  etc.

Kesimpulan

Dari penjelasan di atas dapat disimpulkan bahwa present perfect tense pada prinsipnya digunakan untuk:

1. Untuk menekankan SUDAH/ BELUM. Kamu sudah makan belum? (Have you eaten yet?)
2. Untuk menekankan SUDAH BERAPA KALI. Sudah berapa kali kamu makan hari ini? (How many times have you eaten today?).
3. Untuk menekankan DURASI kejadian/aktivitas. Sudah berapa lama kamu belum makan? (For how long haven’t you eaten yet?

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